Securing Web-Based Surveys: A Three-Stage Strategy for Detecting and Preventing Fraudulent Human and Automated Responses

Web-based surveys are efficient and cost-effective methods to collect data from diverse, large, and geographically dispersed populations. They overcome the physical and logistical barriers of in-person or paper-based data collection, enabling broad, rapid, and inclusive participation across geographic and demographic boundaries. However, the increasing automation of online environments exposes these surveys to threats from bots, duplicate entries, and fraudulent responses that can compromise data integrity and study validity. This method-focused paper presents a comprehensive strategy for minimizing these risks through three interrelated stages: Design and Testing, Data Collection, and Data Cleaning and Validation. The structure integrates technical solutions and strategic research design principles to prevent, detect, and remediate survey fraud while safeguarding participant privacy and accessibility. Key preventive measures include eligibility screening, geofencing, device fingerprinting, CAPTCHA implementation, and honeypot traps during instrument design and testing. Real-time monitoring employs personalized survey links, traffic pattern analysis, and consistency checks to identify anomalous behavior during the data collection stage. In the last stage after data collection, rigorous data cleaning involves automated rule-based filters, manual adjudication of suspicious responses, and reliance on composite fraud scoring models to ensure the inclusion of high-quality, bot-free data for analysis. By synthesizing current best practices and emerging challenges, this work provides a practical guide for researchers designing and conducting secure web-based surveys in increasingly complex and adversarial digital environments.